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Antigen
Mechanisms of antigen processing and loading onto MHC by antigen presenting cells :
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) play a vital role in the immune response by capturing, processing, and presenting antigens to T cells. The process begins when APCs internalize antigens through phagocytosis, endocytosis, or receptor-mediated uptake. Once inside the cell, antigens are broken down into smaller peptides by proteases in the endosomes or lysosomes. These peptides then bind to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, which are expressed on the surface of APCs. The loaded MHC-peptide complex is then presented to T cells, triggering an immune response. This mechanism is essential for the recognition of foreign invaders and the initiation of an appropriate immune response.
Antigen Recognition by the Immune System:
When an antigen enters the body, it is recognized by immune cells called lymphocytes. Two main types of lymphocytes are involved in the immune response:
B cells: These produce antibodies that can bind to specific antigens, marking them for destruction by other immune cells.
T cells: These can directly destroy cells displaying antigens or help B cells produce antibodies.